20 Aug

Open position | PhD within Bioprocess Engineering at NMBU

Build AI digital twins for real-time fermentation control and drive the future of biotech at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. The PhD position is part of the research project "fermentAtIon: AI controlled fermentation for microbial lipid production" funded by the Research Council of Norway.

18 Aug

Two awards for bioanalytical chemistry students

Our students achieved success at the international Advances in Chromatography and Electrophoresis & Chiranal conference in Olomouc, Lukáš Jordán and Michal Sedlák receiving awards for their poster presentations.

Dean’s Awards 2026

The dean presented awards to the best students of the Faculty of Science MU. Among the best doctoral students were Martin Kopecký, Pavel Špaček and Martin Havlásek from the Department of Biochemistry. Congratulations to all awardees!

29 May

Michaela Dzurov Krafčíková gains MASH StG/CoG grant

Masaryk University has awarded another 13 MASH StG/CoG grants to promising researchers. Seven of them are from our faculty. One of them was given to Michaela Dzurov Krafčíková for her project MITOCODE!

27 May

Dies Academicus 2026

The traditional academic ceremony, which included the presentation of the MU Rector’s Awards and MU medals, took place on May 21 in the Karel Engliš Grand Auditorium at the Faculty of Law. Among the honorees were also our students from the iGEM team. Congratulations!

21 May

The 31st Annual Josef Vavroušek Student Award Competition

The 31st Josef Vavroušek Student Award recognizes outstanding bachelor’s, master’s, rigorous, and doctoral theses focused on sustainable development. The competition is open to students and recent graduates of Czech and Slovak universities, regardless of nationality.

19 May

Open position | PhD in microbial and protein biotechnology

Ever wondered how life manages to thrive in environments that would dissolve most organisms on the spot? The Environmental Biotechnology group is seeking motivated PhD candidates to focus on microbial systems in extreme conditions. You will work with state-of-the-art technologies, ranging from CRISPR to complex omics analyses.

6 May

I see interdisciplinarity today as a huge advantage and a necessity, says Tomáš Janovič

Tomáš Janovič from the National Centre for Biomolecular Research focuses on genome stability and the protection of telomeres, the ends of chromosomes. He has received prestigious grants for his research, including the MSCA Individual Fellowship and GAMU MASH StG/CoG. He is currently looking for PhD students to join his team.

30 Apr

PHOS4PLANT | Newsletter IV

Recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge ash is highly challenging due to current heavy metal contamination. The Interreg ATCZ PHOS4PLANT project is therefore investigating alternative methods for phosphorus leaching. Read more in the newsletter.

17 Apr

What was the Biochmelie like in 2026?

This year’s Biochmelie once again showcased what life is like at the Department of Biochemistry during Master’s studies. We discussed current research topics, future plans, and real-world career opportunities. As always, the day featured various tasks and a relaxed, informal atmosphere. We look forward to seeing you again next year!

14 Apr

Jiří Friml maps his journey toward the secrets of plant hormones

Read the interview on VědaVýzkum.cz with our alumnus Jiří Friml, one of the most cited Czech scientists, who clarified the role of the plant hormone auxin. He now leads his own research group in Klosterneuburg, Austria, where he continues to intensively study plant signaling pathways.

13 Apr

Dream Biology Award 2026

IOCB Prague is launching the first edition of the new international Dream Biology Award, a competition that offers young scientists from around the world the opportunity to present their ambitious scientific visions in the life sciences. The award recognizes original ideas with the potential to significantly advance biological research while also delivering meaningful benefits to society.

8 Apr

Open position | PhD in Molecular Pathology Group

Are you interested in the relationship between the microbiome and human health? assoc. prof. Lochman’s Laboratory of Molecular Pathology is seeking a motivated PhD student to search for biomarkers associated with acute diverticulitis.

24 Mar

Interview with Biochemists from the iGEM Project

In the past year, students from the Institute of Biochemistry also took part in the iGEM project. Below, you can find an interview with them.

16 Mar

Open position | PhD in mitochondrial stress signalling

Are you interested in how mitochondria signal stress? Michaela Dzurov Krafčíková’s newly established laboratory is seeking a motivated PhD student to uncover the interactions between mitochondrial DNA and membrane proteins using NMR.

5 Mar

Open position | PhD in human telomere biology

Newly established lab of Tomáš Janovič at NCBR is looking for a motivated PhD student to help us define the macromolecular structure of human telomeres — the protective chromosome ends that safeguard genome stability and are hijacked by cancer cells to enable limitless growth.

Biochmelie 2026

Are you thinking about where to do your master's degree? Come to the event organized by biochemistry students! You will learn information about the master's degree program, you can ask any questions and meet classmates from other years. You can also look forward to light refreshments and we look forward to you joining us for this friendly meeting!

5 Feb

Open position | Laboratory Manager

A newly established research group at the Department of Biochemistry is seeking a Laboratory Manager to support the scientific and organizational operation of the laboratory. The group focuses on biomolecular structure and its role in cellular signaling and function, using molecular, biochemical, and structural approaches. 

A New Colleague Joins the Department of Biochemistry

At the beginning of the year, Michaela Dzurov Krafčíková joined our team, and we are truly happy to welcome her among us. She brings not only valuable experience, but also curiosity and a friendly energy. We look forward to working together!

28 Jan

Less theory, more practice. Final projects at SCI MUNI welcome their first graduates

Our department is among those embracing the shift toward practice-focused final projects at the Faculty of Science. This new format replaces extensive theoretical theses with concise, research-driven work.

22 Jan

Our students among the key contributors to the success of the iGEM Brno team

Historic success of the iGEM Brno team at the global finals of the iGEM Grand Jamboree in Paris. The team won first place in the Overgraduate category and received additional awards for Best Food and Nutrition Project, Best Plant Synthetic Biology, Best Presentation Video, and a prestigious Gold Medal.

22 Jan

Petr Lapčík impressed panels at three conferences

Petr Lapčík from the cancer proteomics research group received three awards at conferences he attended in autumn 2025 including first place for a poster at the 19th Central and Eastern European Conference in Budapest.

UPCON’26

The 5th Conference on Properties, Design, and Applications of Upconversion Nanomaterials (UPCON’26) will take place from April 12–17, 2026, at the Hotel Continental in Brno. The organizers Hans Gorris and Zdeněk Farka are looking forward to welcoming more than 100 international participants. 

8 Jan

National Centre for Biomolecular Research launches 4GLYCO

4GLYCO, a platform dedicated to the commercial sale of lectins – specialized proteins capable of recognizing and binding carbohydrates. The platform builds on more than 25 years of lectin research by Michaela Wimmerová research group.

6 Jan

Open Days 2026

Visit us during Open Days! Saturday January 10th or monday January 12th. We will show you around the department, you will learn what biochemistry encompasses and you can ask us about anything.

3 Dec 2025

Petr Malý was awarded at MendelNet 2025 conference

The award for the best presentation in the Animal Production section at the MendelNet 2025 conference was granted to PhD student Petr Malý from the Secondary Metabolites group. Congratulations!

17 Nov 2025

PHOS4PLANT | Newsletter III

Recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge ash is highly challenging due to current heavy metal contamination. The Interreg ATCZ PHOS4PLANT project is therefore investigating alternative methods for phosphorus leaching. Read more in the newsletter.

30 Oct 2025

Invitation for a lectury by prof. Schepdael

As part of the C9002 Biochemistry seminar, Prof. Ann Van Schepdael will give her INNOLEC Lecture on November 27, 2025, 12:30, on the topic of Beneficial aspects of CE for the biomedical, pharmaceutical and biochemical field.

27 Oct 2025

Invitation for a lectury by prof. Wätzig

As part of the CECE Junior 2025 conference, Prof. Dr. Hermann Wätzig will give his INNOLEC Lecture on November 11, 2025, 9:15, entitled Capillary electrophoresis - unnecessary due to AI?

23 Oct 2025

Martin Kopecký succeeded at NANOCON 2025

Our student Martin Kopecký from doc. Farka's research group received the Dr. Tasilo Prnka Prize at NANOCON conference. Congratulations!

10 Oct 2025

Biochemistry and Our Changing Climate

A workshop led by professor Karla Neugebauer from Yale University, a distinguished scientist and leading expert in RNA biology and molecular biophysics, where students will learn to apply biochemical thinking to climate issues.

6 Oct 2025

Jan Lochman became the new director of our department

As the new director, Jan Lochman aims to recruit junior researchers capable of securing prestigious grants

1 Oct 2025

The Election of a New Dean

On 31st January 2026, the current Dean's term of office will expire. The Academic Senate of the Faculty of Science MU has announced the election of a new Dean. The public debate at the academic community assembly will then take place on October 6, 2025 at 12:30 in the Auditorium, Kotlářská st. 

20 Aug 2025

Open position | PhD student at MBL

The research group of Pavel Dvořák, Microbial Bioengineering Laboratory (Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental Biology)​, is seeking a motivated student for a Ph.D. position, topic: Unlocking the unused capacity of bacterial metabolism through the rational design of substrate transporters.

9 Jul 2025

Dean’s Awards 2025

The dean presented awards to the best students of the Faculty of Science MU. Among the best doctoral students was Jakub Máčala from the Department of Biochemistry. Congratulations to all awardees!

20 Jun 2025

Hans-Heiner Gorris gained professorship in Analytical biochemistry

The Department of Biochemistry congratulates Hans-Heiner Gorris for gaining a professorship in the field of Analytical biochemistry. He received the appointment decree from president Petr Pavel in Prague's Karolinum.

23 May 2025

Our Students Succeeded in the Start Your Business 2025 Competition

Lenka Jurasová together with Zdenka Vilhanová and Marko Mećava, students of the Department of Biochemistry MUNI SCI, achieved great success in this year’s Start Your Business competition. Their innovative projects received recognition from the expert jury and were awarded funding for further development.

7 May 2025

Open position | Instructor or Assistant Professor of the Department of Biochemistry

A full-time position is open at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, MU: Assistant/Assistant or Assistant/Associate Professor. The deadline for signing up is June 4th 2025.

30 Apr 2025

Earth Day 2025

This year, to celebrate Earth Day, the Botanical Garden of SCI MUNI prepared an engaging program on the theme Poison or Cure?, and once again, we were part of it! Children and adults alike had the opportunity to try out games, quizzes and learn interesting facts as well as the latest insights from scientific research.

22 Apr 2025

PHOS4PLANT | Newsletter II

Recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge ash is highly challenging due to current heavy metal contamination. The Interreg ATCZ PHOS4PLANT project is therefore investigating alternative methods for phosphorus leaching. Read more in the newsletter.

18 Apr 2025

Open Days 2025

Over 1000 students visited the Open Days of the Faculty of Science of MU this year, which took place on Saturday 27 and Tuesday 30 January at the University Campus in Bohunice and at the Kotlářská campus. The doors of our institute were of course open too!

Biochmelie 2025

Are you thinking about where to do your master's degree? Come to the event organized by biochemistry students! You will learn information about the master's degree program, you can ask any questions and meet classmates from other years. You can also look forward to light refreshments and we look forward to you joining us for this friendly meeting!

9 Mar 2025

I trust people and give them autonomy, says prof. Michaela Wimmerová

What does it mean to delve into the intricate world of molecular phenomena? How does adhesion therapy play a crucial role in the field of glycobiochemistry? Answers Michaela Wimmerová, professor at the Department of Biochemistry and director of NCBR at the Faculty of Science of MU.

5 Mar 2025

Students beware – Senate by-election!

Students, run for the by-election to the Student Chamber of the Academic Senate of the Faculty of Arts! Submit your candidacy by March 23rd.

Don't forget to vote in the by-election in April!

12 Feb 2025

Faculty to expand opportunities for funding doctoral students by combining grants and employment, says Luděk Bláha

An amendment to the Higher Education Act improves conditions for doctoral studies. The main changes concern the income and status of doctoral students. Luděk Bláha, Vice Dean for Doctoral Studies at SCI MUNI, describes how our Faculty is preparing for the changes.

29 Jan 2025

XXIII. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists

Once again, the traditional meeting of biochemists and molecular biologists took place in Brno. The conference included, of course, a section of youth where PhD students are refining their data presentation skills.

22 Jan 2025

Vladimír Sklenář Scholarship

18 Dec 2024

Dean Tomáš Kašparovský receives the Silver Commemorative Medal from Charles University Faculty of Science

11 Dec 2024

The DNA diagnostics laboratory investigates infections transmitted by wild animals in Brno

The DNA Diagnostics Laboratory under the leadership of Prof. Omar Šerý is involved in a project together with Mendel University and SocioFactor s.r.o., whose partial aim is DNA diagnostics of the causative agents of serious infectious diseases that can be transmitted by wild animals.

10 Dec 2024

Petr Lapčík received the Josef Chmelík Award for 2023

The Josef Chmelík Prize for 2023 for the best publication in the field of proteomics in the Czech Republic was awarded to Petr Lapčík from the Cancer Proteomics Research Group.

21 Nov 2024

MU honours PhD students for their outstanding work

Lucia Janáčová from Pavel Bouchal's research group received the Masaryk University Vice-Rector's Award for Excellence in Doctoral Studies. Congratulations!

20 Nov 2024

PHOS4PLANT | Newsletter I

Recovering phosphorus from sewage sludge ash is highly challenging due to current heavy metal contamination. The Interreg ATCZ PHOS4PLANT project is therefore investigating alternative methods for phosphorus leaching. Read more in the newsletter.

18 Nov 2024

Petr Malý's succcess at MendelNet 2024

Petr Malý from the Laboratory of Secondary Metabolites succeeded at the MendelNet 2024 conference and won first place for his presentation "The application of gas chromatography for the evaluation of technological and health indicators of bovine milk fat after dietary changes."

17 Oct 2024

Visit by prof. Alber Heck from Utrecht University

Professor Albert Heck, one of the VIPs in proteomics, visited Masaryk University before his Mendel Lecture and had a great PI meeting about proteomics in cancer with Pavel Bouchal and his lab members.

17 Oct 2024

New Bachelor's degree programme Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics ends as a specialization within the Bachelor's program in Biochemistry and begins as a newly accredited Bachelor's degree program in Bioinformatics in collaboration with the Faculty of Informatics and the Faculty of Science.

Invitations to the XXIII. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists

We cordially invite you to the annual XXIII. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists. The Young Scientists' Section in English is of course an integral part of it! The deadline for registration is October 10, 2024.

5 Sep 2024

Lecture for the expert public by Hans H. Gorris

We cordially invite you to the lecture for the professional public doc. Hans Gorris on Taking analytical biochemistry to the single molecule level by photon-upconverting nanoparticles and femtoliter arrays on October 3 at 12:00 in lecture room B11/205.

26 Jun 2024

Dean’s Awards 2024

The dean presented awards to the best students of the Faculty of Science MU. From the Department of Biochemistry were awarded Robin Durník, Jitka Vechetová, Július Zemaník and Veronika Farková. Congratulations to all the awardees!

19 Jun 2024

Matěj Pastucha Thesis Defence

We invite you to a PhD thesis defence of Mgr. Matěj Pastucha with the topic Biochips for affinity assays. Thursday June 27th, B11/305.

Replacing Bachelor's theses in with a final project!

The Faculty of Science at Masaryk University is introducing an innovative method for completing bachelor's studies, replacing traditional bachelor's theses with final projects. This change mainly affects students of the Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and RECETOX.

22 May 2024

Lucia Janáčová Thesis Defence

We invite you to a PhD thesis defence of Mgr. Lucia Janáčová with the topic Local and distant metastasis in breast cancer: molecular characteristics and therapeutic targets.

10 May 2024

Trieste Next Festival 2024

Applications are now open for the Trieste Next International Academy fellowships, a 3-day intensive program that will take place in Trieste on September 27–29, 2024, on the occasion of the 2024 Edition of the Festival of Scientific Research.

9 May 2024

MUNI Day 2024

A sporting and social gathering across the entire university for all employees and students, that is MUNI DAY. With your help, we will fill the Bohunice University campus with sports, culture, entertainment and knowledge! MUNI DAY will be back in style. PLEASE REGISTER.

17 Apr 2024

Tero Soukka about lanthanoides and photon upconversion luminiscence

prof. Tero Soukka from University of Turku gives two talks; Luminescent lanthanides - Evolution of reporter systems for immunoassays a Photon-upconversion luminescence in ultrasensitive assays. Tuesday, April 23rd, 1 pm, B11/335.

10 Apr 2024

Congratulations to new PhD talents!

We congratulate all PhD students who managed to win a prestigious three-year scholarship in the PhD Talent 2024 competition, especially our PhD student Dorota Sklenárová (pictured with her supervisor) and our graduates Daniel Pluskal and David Zimčík.

1 Apr 2024

Hanka Urbancová succeeded at GAMU

Our student Hanka Urbancová, under the guidance of her supervisor Kateřina Dadáková, has received support from GAMU Excellent diploma thesis. Hanka's thesis deals with the determination of thermal heterocyclic aromatic amines in processed cheese. Congratulations!

Get to know UBCH and NCBR

You have a unique opportunity to get to know two of the SCI departments, NCBR and ÚBCH. On Wednesday, April 3 at 3 p.m. at buildings C04 and C05, you can meet students from master's and doctoral studies in bioinformatics, biomolecular chemistry, genomics and proteomics, biochemistry and biotechnology. You can look forward to casual atmosphere, games, refreshments and the opportunity to have a pleasant chat with people from NCBR and ÚBCH.

13 Mar 2024

Rudolf Lukeš Prize 2024

The Experientia Foundation, in cooperation with the Czech Chemical Society, supports the prestigious Rudolf Lukeš Prize for outstanding chemists. The Rudolf Lukeš Prize is awarded annually for an outstanding collection of original work in the field published in prestigious international journals in the last 5 years.

Open Days 2024

Over 1000 students visited the Open Days of the Faculty of Science of MU this year, which took place on Saturday 27 and Tuesday 30 January at the University Campus in Bohunice and at the Kotlářská campus. The doors of our institute were of course open too!

11 Jan 2024

Lecture for the expert public by Danuse Tarkowska

We cordially invite you to the lecture from 12:00 in auditorium B11/205 for the expert public Mgr. Danuše Tarkowská, Ph.D., on the topic HOW TO FIND A NEEDLE IN A HAYSTACK – ULTRA-TRACE ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT PLANT SIGNALLING MOLECULES

5 Jan 2024

Competition for the best doctoral thesis in the field of structural biology 2023

The Council of the Czech Society for Structural Biology has resolved to extend the support for young researchers in the field of structural biology in the form of a Competition for the best doctoral thesis in the field of structural biology in 2023.

7 Dec 2023

Doctoral conference 2023

We briefly look back at the first year of the institute's doctoral conference in 2023. All doctoral students of the Institute of Biochemistry presented the topics and results of their dissertations, either in the form of posters or lectures.

6 Dec 2023

XXI. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists

Once again, the traditional meeting of biochemists and molecular biologists took place in Brno. The conference included, of course, a section of youth where PhD students are refining their data presentation skills.

1 Dec 2023

23rd Interdisciplinary Meeting of Young Life Scientists

Let us invite you to the Interdisciplinary Meeting of Young Researchers and Students from chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and biomaterial-related fields. The deadline for registration is January 31st.

Invitations to the XXII. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists

We cordially invite you to the annual XXII. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists. The Young Scientists' Section in English is of course an integral part of it! The deadline for abstract submission is October 22, 2023.

1 Sep 2023

BioVendor Academy has its first successful graduates!

Jiří Doseděl worked on his master thesis in Biotechnology at BioVendor, where he is now starting his further career as an employee of BioVendor and at the same time continuing as a PhD student in Biochemistry at our institute. Fingers crossed!

7 Jun 2023

Dean’s Awards 2023

Dean Tomáš Kašparovský has presented awards to the best students of the MU Faculty of Science. Congratulations to all the winners, especially Dorota Sklenárová and Petr Lapčík from our department!

22 May 2023

MUNI SCI AS 2023 Elections

We would like to encourage you to actively participate in the ongoing collection of nominations for the election to the Academic and Student Chamber of the Academic Senate of the Faculty of Science of Masaryk University if you are interested in what is happening at the Faculty and its future direction.

28 Apr 2023

Doctoral conference 2023

The Department of Biochemistry announces the first annual conference for PhD students of the Biochemistry and Bioanalytical Chemistry PhD programs on June 1, 2023! Registration is mandatory for all Department of Biochemistry PhD students until May 15, 2023.

25 Mar 2023

Student Scientific Conference MUNI PHARM 2023

We would like to invite you to participate in the Student Scientific Conference MUNI PHARM 2023. The conference is intended for all MUNI students whose research can be applied in the field of pharmacy.

Selection Procedure for the Director of the Department of Biochemistry

Dean of the Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, announces an open position for the Director of the Department of Biochemistry. The deadline for application is April the 4th 2023.

10 Mar 2023

By-elections to the Dormitory Councils 2023

Based on the decision of the MU Accommodation Committee from February 27, 2023, the Director of the SKM announces additional elections to the Dormitory Councils in dormitories where Dormitory Councils have not yet been established.

29 Jan 2023

Open position | Funded PhD position at WEAVE project

The research group of doc. Hans-Heiner Gorris aimed at Bioanalytical chemistry on the micro- and nanometer scale seeks to fill the PhD position for the bilateral (Czech-Polish) WEAVE project. POSITION FILLED

9 Dec 2022

Award for excellent results in doctoral studies

Vice-rector for research and doctoral studies Šárka Pospíšilová awarded PhD students and supervisors their for their excellent results. Big congratulations to Petr Lapčík and Pavel Bouchal from the Department of Biochemistry!

5 Dec 2022

Scientists across MU fields accept MUNI Scientist awards

The Grant Agency of Masaryk University held its annual conference in the Augustinian Abbey last Wednesday, 30 November. It included, for the third time, the MUNI Scientist Award ceremony. Big congratulations to Zdeněk Farka from our department!

21 Nov 2022

XXI. Meeting of Biochemists and Molecular Biologists

Once again, the traditional meeting of biochemists and molecular biologists took place in Brno. The conference included, of course, a section of youth where PhD students are refining their data presentation skills.

31 Oct 2022

CF Day Meeting

We invite you to the second year of CF Day, where all CEITEC Core Facilities will be presented. You will get an update on CF services and new instruments, training, access rules, and other important information for users.

1 Sep 2022

Field Seminar syllabus for autumn 2022

The up-to-date syllabus for the field seminar in the autumn semester of 2022.

1 Apr 2022

PhD Student Scientific Conference MUNI PHARM 2022

The Faculty of Pharmacy MU organises an annual Student scientific conference. All PhD students from Masaryk University researching topics connected to pharmaceuticals are invited.

29 Mar 2022

Mendel Genetics Conference

To pay tribute to the father of genetics Johan Gregor Mendel a conference held in his name will take place in Brno on 20–23. July 2022.

28 Mar 2022

Open lecturer position at the Department of Biochemistry

The department seeks a lecturer dedicated to the preparation and management of laboratory courses and seminars.

5 Jan 2022

21st Interdisciplinary meeting of young scientists

16th to 19th May 2022, Milovy, hotel Devět skal, all young biologists, biochemists and chemists are welcome!

24 Nov 2021

doc. Velebný received an honorary medal

The dean of the Faculty of Science honoured several influential figures at the faculty, including our graduate doc. Velebný.

10 Nov 2021

Meet our new assistant professor

The department welcomes our new assistant professor Dr. rer. nat. Hans-Heiner Gorris!

17 Sep 2021

Talented high-school students experienced biochemistry up-close

The Department of Biochemistry hosted a practical course for talented high-school students called Junior Biochemist. 

19 Jul 2021

Our successful students – Barrande Fellowship

Congratulations to Mgr. Adam Janotík for succeeding in several rounds of selection procedures and was awarded the Barrande Fellowship for the so-called cotutelle doctorate.

8 Jul 2021

New course – Internet of Things for analytical biochemistry

C3003 Internet of Things for analytical biochemistry is a new course aimed at students wanting to tackle basic principles of electronic useful for recording and understanding data from bioanalytical systems.

1 Jul 2021

Our successful students – Dean´s Awards

The dean Tomáš Kašparovský awarded last week the best students of the Faculty of Science at Masaryk University. Three of the awards were given to our students!

25 Jun 2021

Biochemical research for talended high school students – 2021

Practical course for high schoolers with interest in biochemistry, biology and chemistry.